AI Propaganda Escalates Tensions in South China Sea Disputes

The South China Sea dispute has entered a new phase, with artificial intelligence (AI) becoming a key tool in the spreading of propaganda and disinformation. This technological twist is exacerbating tensions between the Philippines and China, as AI-generated content fuels misinformation campaigns that distort public perception and undermine diplomatic efforts.

Recent investigations have uncovered coordinated networks of Facebook pages and YouTube channels masquerading as legitimate news sources. These platforms, which generate ad revenue through AI-powered propaganda, manipulate old footage and create fake narratives to suggest military preparations, particularly by the United States. This misuse of AI not only sows confusion but also escalates geopolitical tensions in an already volatile region.

The Role of AI in Geopolitical Disinformation

AI has revolutionised political propaganda, enabling states and non-state actors to manipulate public opinion on an unprecedented scale. In the South China Sea dispute, AI-generated videos and deepfakes have been used to spread false narratives, such as depicting Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. ordering an attack on China. These incidents, while quickly debunked, highlight the potential for AI to destabilise international relations.

The use of AI in disinformation campaigns is particularly concerning in regions like the South China Sea, where territorial claims and military standoffs are already contentious. AI-generated content can amplify existing tensions, making it harder for diplomatic efforts to gain traction. The sophistication of these campaigns, combined with the rapid dissemination of misinformation on social media, poses a significant challenge to maintaining regional stability.

Challenges and Responses to AI-Driven Propaganda

Efforts to counter AI-driven propaganda face mounting challenges, especially as major social media platforms scale back on fact-checking. Meta’s withdrawal from fact-checking in the region and the discontinuation of third-party fact-checking in the U.S. have removed key safeguards against disinformation. Meanwhile, platforms like X (formerly Twitter) have shifted to community-driven moderation, which has been criticised for inconsistencies and delays.

To address these issues, regional actors must invest in independent fact-checking networks and strengthen local verification initiatives. Policymakers are also calling for stronger regulations to hold malicious actors accountable, while tech companies are urged to invest in AI-driven detection tools and enhance transparency in algorithmic decision-making. However, the lack of enforceable AI policies in many countries, including the Philippines, remains a significant obstacle.

In response to growing tensions, journalists have joined Philippine missions to disputed waters as part of the government’s transparency initiative. While this aims to provide real-time accounts of events to counter disinformation, it raises concerns about journalistic independence. By relying on government access, journalists may face implicit pressure to align with national narratives, potentially compromising their objectivity.

The escalating use of AI in propaganda underscores the need for a coordinated international effort to maintain information integrity. As AI technologies advance, the battle against disinformation will require robust regulations, enhanced transparency, and public education to equip individuals with the critical thinking skills needed to navigate an increasingly complex digital landscape.